My Oedipus Complex by Frank O’Connor

â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† by Frank O'Connor â€Å"My Oedipus Complex† is a story about a young boy of 5, Larry, who grows up in his own safe world with just himself and his mother. He is attached to his mother and wants her to belong only to him and considers his father a rival ? for her attention. However, when his father returns from WWI, a man whom Larry hardly knows, it is a constant battle between the two for the mother's love and attention. Larry is jealous of losing his mother’s undivided attention, and finds himself in a constant struggle to win back her affections. There are tree main characters in the story: Larry, his mother and father. Larry is a creative and imaginative boy. He gives his legs names Mrs. Right and Mrs. Left and invent „dramatic situations for them in which they discussed the problems of the day. â€Å" They discuss what mother and he „should do during the day and what presents Santa Claus should give a fellow for Christmas. He is full of joy, â€Å"feeling rather like the sun, ready to illuminate and rejoice. † He is a kind-hearted boy, thinking about his mo†¦. The novel My Oedipus Complex written by the famous Irish short storywriter Frank O’Conner, in my opinion, is more a spiritual exploration of the problems of youth and growing-up than just a simple story told by a little kid. The dramatic experience of Larry (both the narrator and the protagonist of the novel) seems to be the representation of part of our childhood stories. So let me have a brief analysis of the theme of the passage by looking into Larry’s character and what Larry went through in his heart in this story. While his father was fighting in the WW1 and rarely went back home, Larry was enjoying himself and relishing all of his mother’s attention and care, just as what he said in the third paragraph—â€Å"the war was the most peaceful period of my life†. However, things started to turn bad when his father came back and stayed at home: his mum’s love for him was shared by a â€Å"stranger†, he was told to shut up when the â€Å"stranger† was either talking or sleeping, and perhaps worst of all, he forfeited the right of climbing into the big bed and sharing his schemes with his mum every morning. These changes so upset and saddened him that, eventually, the boy became rebellious and declare an â€Å"open and avowed† war against his father, in which the two just contended for the mother’s attentions and care. As we know, to Larry’s disappointment, however hard he tried or whatever he did, he proved to be always on the disadvantaged side in the â€Å"war†. Then the author depicted an interesting dialogue between Larry and his mother, which may be construed as a reflection of the title â€Å"My Oedipus Complex†, but, according to me, it also perfectly reveals a change and maturation of Larry’s inner heart, for to be a husband means loads of responsibilities. What brought about the next big change in this family as well as the climax of the story was the birth of little sonny.

American Chemical Corporation Analysis Essay

Executive Summary American Chemical Corporation’s Collinsville plant in Alabama is being sought by Dixon a speciality chemicals company. This plant mainly specialises in Sodium Chlorate production and fits well with Dixon’s strategy of supplying chemicals to paper and pulp industry. It would also complement Dixon’s existing product line. The plant costs $12million in investment and requires up to$ 2.25 million for upgrading to new technology. An in-depth investigation and analysis is conducted for both the company and the industry to accurately determine the worth of investment in the Collinsville plant. Net present values are calculated for all possible scenarios. After a thorough analysis of the data, suitable recommendations are provided. Introduction Dixon, an American specialty chemical producer, wants to buy Collinsville plant from American Chemical Corporation, another typical chemical company  in 1979. Dixon wants to diversify its product line by acquiring the aforesaid plant, which produces sodiumchlorate to supply to paper producers in South-eastern part of the US. This plant initially cost USD 12 million and additional USD 2.25 million needed to buy laminate technology to increase efficiency and profitability of the plant in order. About The Collinsville Plant American Chemical Corporation’s plant in Collinsville had the capacity to produce 40000 tons of sodium chlorate per year. Sodium chlorate is produced via the electrolytic decomposition of salt, water and energy. The important factors for us to consider regarding sodium chlorate is where the demand for this chemical comes from. 85% of demand for the product is derived from the paper and pulp industry, where it is used in the production of the bleach that is used to whiten the paper. The remaining 15% comes from its use as a soil sterilant, in uranium mining and in the production of other chemicals. Sodium Chlorate Market in USA Bargaining Power of Customers * Customers include Paper & Pulp Producing Companies like Georgia Pacific and Universal * Because of high competition among the sodium chlorate producers, the bargaining power is being increased. * The demand is also increasing at the rate of 8 to 10% per year with extra usage in the plant effluent problems of paper corporations.| Competition within Industry * Highly Competitive Market * Market Leaders like Hooker, Pennwalt, American & Kerr-McGee have more than 55% of the US Market * Huge number of small medium enterprises with active shares in the sodium chlorate market in US * Paper Companies like Universal also have their own NaClO3 plants actively participating in the competition. * Companies like Brunswick and Southern are specialised only in NaClO3 production| Threat of New Entrants * Union Chemicals and Lousiana Paper Company have already announced their entry into the competition with 40000 and 35000 tons plants respectively| Threat of Substitutes * Graphite Rods used in the production of NaClO3 are being replaced with Metal or Laminate rods. * This would eliminate graphite costs and also reduce power costs by approx. 30%| Issues surrounding Collinsville opportunity 1. Impact on revenues: Reduction in margins due to overcapacity: Although sodium chlorate prices were expected to increase, the overcapacity would cause number of tons to reduce (competition) and therefore, hit the margins. 2. Impact on costs: Increase of electricity from $0.019 in 1977 per kWh to $0.025 per kWh in 1979. Besides, due to upward revaluation of assets, depreciation was expected to increase. 3. Impact from adoption of technology: Depreciation would increase and Dixon was required to pay all costs related to the installation of laminated electrodes. 4. Impact of Financing of acquisition: Temporarily increase Debt to capital ratio to 47%. Target debt to capital ratio: 35% Valuation The Next important step is the valuation of sodium chlorate plant i.e. Collinsville Plant for Dixon Company. The given values and assumptions are summarised in the following tables: Using NPV Rule for the project – Without Laminated Electrodes [Details of the expected values is given in Exhibit 1 As the table is clearly indicating the net present value is a negative value if the Collinsville Plant is valued assuming that the graphite rods are not substituted with the laminate ones. This project may not be profitable considering this negative value. Using NPV Rule for the project – With Laminated Electrodes [Details of the expected values is given in Exhibit 2] For calculating the NPV of project in case of Laminated Electrodes, the power costs are reduced by 20%. The Graphite costs are taken as zero since there is no utilisation of graphite in the newer technology. Also the capital expenditures for first year are taken as 2.5 million $(the cost of project). Now, the NaClO3 plant in Collinsville is valued using discounted cash flow assuming the plant would operate using new replaced laminate electrodes when they become available. In this project, it is founded out that the Net present value is positive suggesting the project is profitable if $2.25mn of laminate electrodes is included in the overall $12mn deal. Calculations of Beta The systematic risk of the project could be the risk of the production of sodium chlorate in the industry. Therefore, we calculate beta of the project based on the beta of the sodium chlorate industry. The beta of Brunswick and Southern will be used to calculate the Beta un-leverd for the firm because the two firms purely produce sodium chlorate. Their Beta will be first unlevered. Then weighted average of those un-levered Betas will be used to calculate the levered beta of the firm. Debt/Equity ratio For calculating levered Beta we take Dixons target capital structure (D/E ratio of 35%). Financing by the debt package will temporarily increase Dixon’s D/E ratio to .47. But we take .35 as the D/E ratio for calculation as the company will ensure that it maintains its target D/E ratio in the long run. Monte Carlo Analysis Monte Carlo analysis is used to gauge the sensitivity of free cash flows on the Net present value of the project. This is used to simulate various sources of uncertainty inherent in the cash flows. Monte Carlo Analysis is performed on both the relevant scenarios in the case and the variations are plotted in a graph. For the Unlaminated factory After installing lamination Recommendations Basing on our detailed calculations following recommendations are made to Dixon Corporation * The net present value (NPV) of Collinsville plant (without the lamination technology) comes out as -0.89 million. Since the NPV value is negative it is advisable not invest in this project and company should pursue other alternatives. * If the new Lamination technology is installed in the Collinsville plant then the Net present value comes out as $10.919 million. This is attributed mainly to the huge savings in power and graphite costs. Even though it requires a $2.5 million extra investment, the benefits far outweigh the costs. Because of a high NPV value it is advisable to invest in the Collinsville plant and install the lamination technology. This investment will not only create synergies because of the similarity in the business but also add value to shareholders wealth. * If terminal values are taken as zero (assuming no residual value)then the NPV of Collinsville plant comes out as -$2.928 million. And after installation of lamination the NPV becomes as 3.6 million $. Because of the high NPV value in the later scenario it is advisable to implement advanced Lamination technology while investing in Collinsville plant.

Atomic Bomb 5

Atomic Bomb 5 Essay On the morning of August 6, 1945, the first Atomic Bomb in history was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. Soon after, on August 14, 1945, the Japanese abruptly surrendered, abandoning their ancient customs regarding honor in war. The fact that only two bombs were able to bring an entire country to its knees is a true testament to the awesome power they held. There is nothing in modern warfare that can compete with the devastating effects of nuclear weapons. At the beginning of World War II, the Japanese were a major threat to the Asian World. On December 7, 1941, when they decided to attack Pearl Harbor (a US naval base in Hawaii), it was evident that their intentions were not limited to Asia. The United States entered World War II as a result of this attack. The war continued for six long years, and involved most of the major World Powers. During this time, there were many battles between the United States and Japan, i ncluding one of the bloodiest battles of World War II, which took place at Okinawa. If allowed to expand, Japan posed a serious threat to the allies. During the war, one of the most brilliant scientists in history, Albert Einstein, hypothesized that if the true power of the atom were released in a weapon, the results would be devastating. This was soon confirmed by a large portion of the scientific community. Whoever possessed such a weapon would be in complete power. Many government officials felt that such a weapon could put an end to the war. For this reason, in 1942, the United States decided to pursue the atomic bomb. Later that year, Franklin D. Roosevelt began the Manhattan Project. The Manhattan Project was a massive engineering enterprise aimed at the ultimate goal of creating an atomic bomb. At one time it employed over 129,000 workers. The United States was the only nation in the world with the capacity to work on such a high level. Though it cost approximately $2 billion dollars, many officials who knew about the Top Secret project felt it was well worth it- if the Atomic Bomb proved useful. Another major expense of the United States government was the development of the B-29, a bomber plane specifically designed for dropping Atomic Bombs. The estimated cost of this project is $3 billion dollars, bringing the total cost of the new atomic weapon to $5 billion dollars (approx. $50 billion 1998 dollars). If the Atomic Bomb failed, not only would many people lose their jobs, but the outcome of the war might have changed. For this reason, the Manhattan Project employed many of the top scientific minds of the world. Unbeknownst to the Allies, the Germans decided not to pursue an atomic weapon. They felt it was more important to spend the money on troops and machinery, and thought that they would have won the war before they were able to obtain an atomic weapon. They were also unaware of the top-secret Manhattan Project. The Japanese conducted small research on the possibility of building a bomb, but never fully pursued it. If the Germans had decided to build a bomb, and obtained it before the United States, they most certainly would have used it against the Allies. This is why it was so crucial for the U.S. to complete the Manhattan Project as quickly as possible. A German victory would have resulted in a history that is completely different from that which took place. If the Axis Powers had developed the Atomic Bomb, they would have been unstoppable. A nuclear weapon harnesses the power of the atom with a process known as an Uncontrollable Fission Reaction. In this process, a neutron (a subatomic particle found in the nucleus of atoms) is bombarded with the nucleus of a radioactive atom, such as Uranium or Plutonium. This causes the nucleus of the radioactive atom to become unstable, and split into two new atoms. To stabilize the new atoms, more neutrons are released, which move on to bombard with another radioactive nucleus. READ: A critique of a jazz concert Essay The energy released comes from the binding energy (the energy required to keep the nucleus together) .

EASTERN PHILOSPHER LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

EASTERN PHILOSPHER LETTER - Essay Example Of these different relationships, filial piety is the most important. Good family relationships can reform a society and thereby the government of any nation. Filial piety is the greatest virtue, and should be shown towards both the living and the dead. It is the love and respect for one’s parents and ancestors. Filial piety extends beyond the physical care of the parents. It means not to be rebellious, show love, respect and support. It means to uphold fraternity among brothers, to conceal their mistakes, advise parents when necessary, display sorrow at their sickness and death and most importantly carry out sacrifices after their death. Juniors should feel a strong sense of duty and reverence towards the seniors but at the same time, the seniors too should maintain duty of benevolence and concern towards the juniors. The soul of the departed relatives is dependent for happiness upon the conduct and attitude of their living descendents. One can fulfill duty by living a life of virtue, which contributes towards the glory and happiness of the dead. Everyone is born with good nature and this should not be spoilt by external influences. Temptations to evil appetites have to be resisted. Ignorance leads to attainment of vices and knowledge alone can lead one to lead a virtuous life. If students show solicitude for their parents at the end of their lives, and continue this with sacrifices when they are far away, then the virtue is restored to fullness. To perform the role in governing any nation or in the society, it is first necessary to perform the familial role successfully. If the emperor loves his subjects as he would love his own children, they in turn would love, respect and be loyal to him as their father. Filial devotion is not blind loyalty to one’s parents. A man shows true love and respect for one’s father if he remains loyal to his intentions for several years after the father’s death. During the father’s lifetime, you observe

Delicate transactions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Delicate transactions - Essay Example In the present world scenario utmost importance is given to human rights. Under United Nations resolution human rights to every citizen of every country should be considered as an important factor. It's every country's responsibility to protect its citizen's basic human rights. Human rights violation should be considered as a serious offence, legal and appropriate action should be taken against those who violate these rights. In 1948 some states signed Universal Declaration of Human Rights. According to this men and women have equal rights but ironically none of the states that signed haven't provided any equal rights to women. Racial abuse is a serious offence and should be dealt with serious punishments.In US the Hispanics are the largest immigrants. They migrated from the neighboring country Mexico And other Latin countries. Since these countries were not as developed as US and their socio-economic structure was on decline, many of the citizens were forced to migrate to US. In US, Hispanic immigrants have less education and less skill set, even among Hispanic women also. Apart from other groups these Hispanics have less human capital, so they have very less employers in their group and it is indirectly affecting their economic status and social environment also.Gender inequality was always prevailed among the Hispanics. Since they were not the major community and further more they were immigrants, they had to face the brunt of racial abuse. One of the reasons of racial abuse was, fear among the US citizens was losing the jobs to these immigrants.

Was the Iraq War worth the human and material costs suffered by the Essay

Was the Iraq War worth the human and material costs suffered by the Allied coalition and Iraqi people - Essay Example The aforementioned suffered high costs various ways including social cost, economic cost, security cost and human cost, the most devastating of all being the human cost – it is literally breathtaking (Wallis, 2010). According to a 2004 study by the ‘Institute for Policy Studies and Foreign Policy In Focus’, between the commencement of war in March 2003 and September 22 the following year, 1,175 coalition forces lost their lives, comprising 1,040 United States’ military. Other deaths include those of contractors, civilian workers as well as missionaries, with their total estimates ranging from 50 to 90 lost lives, thirty-six of which were identified as Americans. This is in addition to uncalled for life termination of thirty innocent international Journalists, with eight of them being U.S. media companies’ workers (Antiwar.com, 2004). The study also revealed that following the U.S. invasion and subsequent occupation in Iraq, by June 16, 2004, deaths o f Iraqi civilians ranged between 9,436 and 11,317, with an estimate of 40,000 Iraqis sustaining severe injuries. This is in addition to approximately 4,895 Iraqi insurgents and soldiers who were killed during ‘major combat’ operations. There has also been a great health concern on the effects of using depleted uranium weaponry in Iraq.

Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 15

Annotated Bibliography Example nalysis of data from the National Student Clearinghouse (NSC), the method takes into account retention and graduation numbers at both entry and transfer institutions. Hence, what they accomplish is to construct a polychotomous definition of success. The challenge facing them include identifying new methods to model limited dependent variables. They are sceptical that the multinomial logit method is apt for the purpose. They believe incorporating multinomial regression techniques into the model is a better way of evaluating student success across institutions. The intended audience for this research paper are educators and fellow scholars. The paper uses esoteric language and complex statistical analysis. To this extent novices and teachers under training may find its content inaccessible. However, the necessity and relevance of the angle of scholarly investigation cannot be overstated. At a time when general standards of literacy, numeracy and employability of students are falling ac ross educational institutions, reworking the model for ascertaining student success might help educators and recruiters to refine their search criteria. Likewise, with federal government putting pressure on institutions of higher to improve accountability, all stakeholders are reviewing the utility of arcane laws such as the Student Right to Know (SRK) Act of 1990. In the same vein, the reporting requirements through Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) and Graduation Rate Survey (GRS) are also being reviewed. The project undertaken by Jones-White et al is relevant for all these areas of review. The article talks about a longitudinal case study of an experienced educator (Steven). Starting with Steven’s early days as an untrained teacher, the author brings his first hand experiences to bear on the analysis. It is recounted how, through the Teach for America initiative, the subject taught mathematics at an urban middle school, before moving on to teaching

System Architecture & Design Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

System Architecture & Design - Research Paper Example The researcher of this paper states that the system design needs to improve the hard drives to increase their performance speed. System architecture is the specific model of a concept that describes the structure and the behavior of a given system. The design of the hard disk drive, that is created in the research paper acts as a system solution provider for the users. Developing the design of the disk drive includes some specific features like the application of the programming software systems to achieve this goal. Additionally, it is essential for the designer to ensure that the work undergoes documentation and recording. This is because this work can be improved in the future. Therefore, the importance of documentation is to keep the work for future references. Thus, the designer ought to document a part of the process that is significant for the intellectual purposes and for future reference. The design utilizes the technique of the input the process and finally the output of da ta. The design presented in the essay should be suitable for utilization by a large group of system designers and further it must be applicable in a variety of sectors of production. The hard disk design addressed is easy to use and has an easily understood design. The only limitation noted by the researcher are the risks that require thorough analysis to avoid them and to ensure flow of work. The failure to assess and also to manage any form of risks can lead to loss of clear project plan that can consequently cause failure.

Construction Industry, Climate Change and use of Renewable Energy Essay

Construction Industry, Climate Change and use of Renewable Energy Options - Essay Example Since origination, humans have been involved in various activities, utilizing the physical as well as the mental part. The activities only transformed our globe from a primitive one to developed one. But, one can see that these activities not only resulted in development but have also have caused destructions to our earth. That is, in his/her quest to achieve advancement, humans have invented or inventing many tools and are also developing rapidly in particular fields. But, unfortunately, the same tools and the developing fields are damaging human lives and the earth’s environment, which sustain the lives. One of the ‘developing fields’, which contributes to damages is the construction field or industry. The fact is, â€Å"the construction industry are generating close to one-third of all the waste in Britain while 20% of new building materials on the average building site are simply thrown away at the end of the job† (Seager 2007). Also, the important part s of the construction industry, lighting and heating of buildings have to lead to the generation of 50% of Britains carbon dioxide emissions. Most of the firms of the construction industry are following the plan, â€Å"three zeros - zero carbon, zero water and zero waste," with the changes made by the industry itself, as government legislation would take too long (Seager 2007).The use of eco-damaging products and faulty coordination by the construction industry is bringing in host of problems to the people mainly in the form of global warming. â€Å"The Stern Report, by Sir Nicholas Stern, the World Bank’s former chief economist, says the lack of coordination between elements of the industry creates poor quality, energy-inefficient buildings†¦ With no action, each tonne of carbon dioxide we emit will cause at least  £45 of damage† (Miller).  

The love that Dorothea feels for Randall, and the love Tony Kytes feels for Milly Essay Example for Free

The love that Dorothea feels for Randall, and the love Tony Kytes feels for Milly Essay After reading the short stories The Unexpected by Kate Chopin and Tony Kytes, the Arch Deceiver by Thomas Hardy, how far would you agree with this statement? The Unexpected is the tale of Randall and Dorothea, a passionate relationship driven apart by an unfortunate illness. The second story Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver is a story of a man in love with three different women for three different reasons. The Unexpected is a tale of an intense relationship between Randall and Dorothea. Due to be married Randall, for a brief absence, left his Dorothea and the author describes the parting as bitter: the enforced separation.too cruel an ordeal to bear, The goodbye dragged with lingering kisses and signs, showing just how much the parting hurt More kisses and more clinging till the last wrench came. Unfortunately near the end of the month of which Randall was to return, filled with Daily letters impassioned and interminable, he was struck ill and delayed for yet another month. During all this the author describes the waiting for Dorothea as torture but even though she wanted to be at Randalls side she knew her parents would never permit such a thing as it was frowned upon for an unmarried man and a woman to be alone together not chaperoned, even for an engaged couple. Letters come from Randall telling Dorothea that he is obliged by his doctors to travel south before winter sets in but would first revisit his home town. Randall is very much in love with Dorothea calling her his dearest one to his heart and Craving her lips. Dorothea misses Randall a lot reading his letters until they were in tatters and then gazing for hours upon his portrait which showed him as an almost perfect specimen of youthful health, strength and manly beauty. Randall had written to her to tell her he altered greatly in appearance and even wrote that he would hardly recognize him. She waited with baited breath and anticipation filled her body until the moment came when the meeting actually proceeded, she could never have been prepared for the dramatic change in his appearance. He was a mere shadow of who he once was and Dorotheas feelings for him began to change she stared at him in wonder and mistrust rather than fear. What hideous transformation had he undergone? shows how much she hated the new look he had. Dorothea cant bear to have Randall touch her shes repulsed by how he now looks. The use of the vocabulary shuddering, shrinking, shriveling, describes how she felt her love for Randall die within her. They talked for a while (or rather Randall talked) and he insisted they marry at once in fear he would not recover from his illness, We must not put it off Dorothea. Let the marriage be at once. Dorothea was not so keen on this idea and she made attempts to pull away claiming she would be a hindrance and in her heart she was saying Never, never, never Randall had another reason to marry Dorothea Im quite-almost sure I shall get well; but the strongest of us cannot count upon life. If worse should come I want you to have all I possess; what fortune I have must be yours, and marriage will make my wish secure. This shows that Randall loves Dorothea and only wishes to make her future is financially secure incase he cannot be with her. But Dorotheas refuel saying she be a hindrance shows she didnt love Randall for his money; she is also quite stifled by his proposal. After a last coughing fit Randall is taken away by his attendant Dorothea watches him leave without a word. She was glad no one was present to compel her to speak, she didnt want people to make her change her mind as she thinks about this problem, shes embarrassed to speak and would have had to lie. Dorothea mounts her bike as if fleeing from death himself shows how much she needed to get away to be free from the people that would ask her of the wedding to come, seemingly borne on by come force other than mechanical-some unwanted energy- a sudden impulse that lightened her eyes. She rides through unfamiliar country and the road becomes rough and unfrequented and she doesnt stop until shes sure she is alone with just nature surrounding her. She never spoke a word after bidding him good-by: but now she seemed disposed to make confidants and the extract ends by saying Never she whispered, Not for all his thousands! Never, never! Not for millions! Dorothea is most defidently not interested in Randalls money but the relationship was based on looks rather than personality as so were many relationships during that time. The second title Tony Kytes, the Arch-Deceiver by Thomas Hardy, the title gives the reader an instant impression of the kind of man Tony is, a deceiver. Hes not described by how handsome he is, like Randall is during the first extract, it concentrates more on his charm and personality. Tony is engaged to Milly Richards, who is described as a nice, light, tender little thing. Oh his way driving home one Saturday after being at market with his father he saw waiting for him Unity Sallet, a handsome girl, one of the women hed been very tender toward before getting engaged to Milly. The words one of the women indicates that there was more than just one hed been quite friendly with and gives the reader an impression that he likes to have lots of women. As soon as Tony drives by her in his wagon she asks My dear Tony, will you give me a lift home? Tony replies That I will darling, you dont suppose I could refuse ee? This gives the reader an impression that Tony may still have feelings for Unity. Unity obviously considers herself to be better than Molly when she is talking to Tony, I should have made ee a finer wife, and a more loving one too. Tony appears weak as she talks to him asking if he did not think her pretty. He let his eyes light upon her for a long while. In fact, I never knowed you was so pretty before! But when she asks if she is prettier than Milly he does not reply as over the hedge past turning he sees the feather he knew well- the feather in Millys hat. Tony persuades Unity to hide in the back of the wagon Now dearest Unity, will ye, to avoid all unpleasantness, which I know ye cant bear any more than I, will ye lie down in the back of the wagon till Milly has passed? Tony knows that its wrong for him to be seen with another woman rather than his fiancà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in public. When Tony sees Milly she does not ask for a ride. Tony lies saying he thought she was going to see her mother not waiting for him. They talked until they reached a house and who is looking out the window but Hannah Jolliver, another young beauty of the place at that time, and the first woman Tony had fallen in love with. Described as much more dashing girl than Milly Richards, thought Tony had not thought of her late. Tony then persuades Milly to hide in the back of the wagon, the other side to Unity I see a young woman a-looking out of window, who I think many accost me. The fact is Milly, she ha a notion that I was wishing to marry her, and since shes discovered to marry another, and a prettier than she. I rather afeard of her temper if she sees us together. I dont mind to oblige you, Tony, Milly said though she didnt care much about doing it, she crept under the seat. Hannah appears to be quiet curt Well, arent you going to be civil enough to ask me to ride home with you? The more Tony looked at Hannah while he was driving the more he like her, till he couldnt for the life of him think why he had ever said a word about marriage to Milly or Unity while Hannah Jolliver was in question. Youve settled it with Milly by this time I suppose? Hannah said and Tony talks quietly N-no, not exactly. He speaks quietly as not to be overheard. Hannah asks if he likes Milly more than her and if he asked her she wouldnt say no. Tony was won over by the pretty face and he whispered very softly to her I havent quite promised her, and I think I can get out of it and ask you that question you speak off. Unfortunately Hannah shouted very loud clapping her hands Throw over Milly-all to marry me! There was an angry, spiteful squeak and afterward a long moan, as if somethings heart had broken. This shows that it most probably was Milly and that she really did care for Tony. Tony sees his father in the field calling him, handing the reins to Hannah he finds his father with a stern look. It looks to me as if Mr. Kytes does not particularly like Hannah and doesnt want his son causing a scandal. Tony ends up confessing to his father that both Unity and Milly are also in the wagon and he asks his father for advice. Whatever of em did not ask to ride with thee? His father tells him. But Tony objects. Stick to Milly, shes the best. His father advice before warning Tony to take the reins from Hannah has the horse begins at a brisk walking pace. Milly becomes restless after hearing Tony and Hannah talking and she spies another womans foot, Unitys foot. Both women rage in whisper of how disgraceful it is for the other to be hiding in a young mans wagon. I am engaged to be married to him, and havent I a right to be here? What right has you, I should like to know? What has he been promising you? A pretty lot of nonsense, I expect! But what Tony says to other women is all mere wind, and no concern to me! Milly says getting louder, this shows she doesnt believe anything that Tony says to other women is true, its lies and doesnt matter to her. She really does love him. Hes going to have Hannah, and not you, nor me either; I could hear that. Unity says. At the sound of the voices rising Hannah lets go of the reins and the horse walks off turning to quick at the hill, the wheels went up on the bank and the wagon tips on its side. Tony comes running frightened and breathless and was relieved to see that none of his darlings was hurt but for a few scratches from the brambles, he cares for all three girls and likes them all for different reasons. Hes scared to find them all arguing He would have kissed them all round and square as a man could but they were talking too much to let him. First Tony says he wants Hannah to be his. Hannahs father was coming up behind them and Hannah was crying worse than ever. My daughter is not willing, sir! says Mr. Jolliver hot and strong Be you willing, Hannah? I ask ye to have spirit enough to refuse him, if yer virtue is left to ee and you run no risk. Mr. Jolliver clearly dislikes Tony, Hannah refuses partly because of her father and too partly in a tantrum because of her discovery. Little did I think when I was so soft with him just now that I was talking to such a false deceiver False deceiver hence the actual title of the book. Second he asks Unity to marry him and she snaps at him and walks off following the Jollivers footsteps, hoping that Tony might follow her. Finally he asked Milly, the last left and the one he was actual engaged to, if she would marry him claiming it do seem as if fate had ordained that it should be you and I, or nobody. Losing all semblance of what had been is how Dorothea phrases her emotions; this appears to be a common theme throughout both extracts, In other words the fickleness of love. In both stories the love is lost in different ways, but this love however was based on appearance rather than true love. In my opinion in the first extract Randall and Dorothea have a passionate relationship until there forced to separate and Randall become ill. The relationship isnt based on money as Dorothea refused to stay with him Never, she whispered not for all his thousands! Never, never! Not for millions! Its true that Randall changed in appearance but if Dorothea had really truly loved him she would never has left him no matter what he looked like when he was ill. But if it were reversed would Randall have still loved Dorothea if her looks had changed. If it were true love it would not matter what they looked like but to Dorothea it certainly did and so I believe it is mere infatuation rather than true love. With Tony Kytes, he seems to like all three girls for three different reasons, he cant have just one he wants them all and hes confused about who he should choose he knows that its wrong but he does it anyway, and to me he seems to see the women as objects rather than actual living breathing people. Overall it most diffidently seems to be infatuation rather than true love.

The samoa-tonga tsunami

The samoa-tonga tsunami Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the 29th September 2009 a magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurring on the outer rise of the Tonga Trench generated a large tsunami. The tsunami struck Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga with devastating consequences. Waves which reached up to 7.4m struck the coastlines of the islands just one minute after the initial underestimated tsunami alert. The tsunami killed at least 182 people. It had a large impact on the populations of all the islands and also had a sizeable impact upon the environment especially coral reefs. Cases of dengue fever and leptospirosis disease have increased and there is expected to be a long term impact upon the regions economy. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the 29th of September 2009 a large earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred in the vicinity of the northern end of the Tonga Trench. This earthquake triggered a tsunami which had a large scale impact on the islands of Samoa, American Samoa and also in Tonga. It caused many fatalities and devastated many areas. The natural disaster although only directly affecting a small region does have a global significance. How the possibility of such a hazard was treated beforehand and how people responded during and after it occurred can be used as a model to show the impacts of future similar hazards not only in this region, but in others across the earth. This report examines the cause, consequences and impact of the earthquake generated tsunami. It also assesses the human response and whether the scale of the tsunami impact could have been less. Cause of the Tsunami   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tsunami was generated by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake that struck at 17:48:10 UTC at a depth of 18km (United States Geological Survey (USGS) 2009a). It occurred towards the northern of the Tonga Trench, 190 km south of Apia Samoa. Figure 1 shows its location. The Tonga Trench marks the boundary between the Pacific and Australia plates. This is a convergent plate boundary where the oceanic Pacific plate subducts westward below the continental Australia plate at the Tonga Trench. The rate of this subduction is the fastest to be recorded worldwide with a maximum of 240mm per year at the northern end (Cousteau 2006). This makes this region one of the most seismically active in the world. Close to where the earthquake occurred the velocity has been measured to be 86mm per year (USGS 2009a) however in current worldwide plate tectonic movement this rate is still very fast. The actual earthquake occurred on a thin ridge called the outer rise to the east of the Tonga Tre nch (Annunziato et al 2009). Earthquakes occur in these regions, on the ocean side of a subduction zone, as normal faults are ruptured when the oceanic plate is forced to flex as it bends under the continental plate. Thus it can be deduced that the earthquake was a normal fault rupture on the outer rise of the Tonga Trench. The earthquake was felt across the islands in the region and was reported to have shaken the ground for up to 3 minutes (Adetunji and Gabbat 2009). In Iliili and Tafuna, American Samoa, the intensity was measured as reaching IV. According to the USGS modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (2009b) this would mean it would have been felt by most with the disturbance of objects such as â€Å"windows and doors†, â€Å"standing vehicles being noticeably rocked† and a â€Å"sensation like [a] heavy truck striking a building†. A higher intensity was felt in Apia, Samoa of V but it was felt strongest in Faleniu, American Samoa with an intensity of VII (USGS 2009a). This could have resulted in â€Å"considerable damage in poorly built or badly designed buildings† however there are no reports that any damage was caused by the earthquake before the tsunami hit. The Tsunami Tsunamis are generated by a sudden vertical displacement of ocean water. In this instance an earthquake rupture in the sea floor caused water to be pushed upwards. This water collapses producing a tsunami. Through deep water the tsunami moves rapidly with speeds up to 500 km/h but heights of the waves are usually less than 1m. As it nears shore the tsunami slows because of decreasing water depth but is compressed upwards thus growing in height. These waves are then capable of pushing far inshore (Keller and Blodgett 2008). The Pacific Tsunami Warning Centre first sent out an alert 16 minutes after the earthquake. It had, however, an underestimation of the earthquake magnitude 7.1 and so it was only a green alert. It was not until 20 minutes after the earthquake that the alert was scaled up to orange (Annunziato et al 2009). Both these alerts however would have come too late to help those in the regions first in the tsunamis path. Reports that water began to retreat from coastal areas beyond the coral reefs (Mercer 2009) shows the tsunami was approaching Samoa soon after the Earthquake. This report also suggests the tsunami first struck Samoa shortly after 7:00 am local time or 18:00 UTC. The exact time for the first tsunami waves to hit Samoa is thought to be around 17 minutes after the earthquake (Annunziato et al 2009) or 18:05 UTC. Different sources provide various data for the heights of the tsunami waves. The USGS (2009a) report, lists recorded wave heights as being 314cm in Pago Pago, American Samoa and 140cm in Apia, Samoa. It also details the distance the tsunami travelled with it reaching Wellington, New Zealand where it was 11cm in height. The BBC reported waves of 5m in height (Mercer 2009) whilst the New Zealand Herald informed its readers that the island of Niuatoputapu, Tonga, experienced wave heights of 6m (Tahana 2009). With many of the sensors for measuring tidal height in the region not functioning, Annunziato et al (2009) carried out many calculations so as to try and determine actual wave height. Their results revealed tsunami heights of above 6m in some areas including 7.4m in Alaufu, American Samoa. There are also different reports on the extent to which the tsunami travelled inland causing damage. The Guardian reported the damage extending 100m inshore in Samoa (Adetunji and Gabbatt 2009) wh ere as in eastern Samoa the tsunami caused damage up to 330m inshore (NASA Earth Observatory 2009). In American Samoa there are reports of water surging 1km inland (TVNZ 2009). By utilising all of this data it is evident that this was a large tsunami the impact of which was devastating. The Tsunami Impact and Consequences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The tsunami had a large impact upon the islands of Samoa and American Samoa and also proved to be destructive to the island of Niuatoputapu, Tonga. There were at least 149 killed in Samoa, 24 in American Samoa and 9 in Niuatoputapu (USGS 2009). In total it was reported to have affected around 32000 people and left close to 3000 homeless (Atayman 2009). Devastation was widespread with the destruction of tens of villages. Lalomanu, a village come holiday resort in south-eastern Samoa, was flattened by the tsunami (Mclean 2009). It was made up around 100 homes and resort huts, the majority of which were destroyed. The village of Poutasi in south-western Upolu, Samoa was another that suffered large scale destruction (TVNZ 2009). Radio New Zealand (2009) reported that along the south coast of Upolu the majority of resorts and hotels were destroyed. American Samoas main village of Pago Pago was â€Å"completely devastated† with only the foundations of buildings b eing left and a large degree of flooding. On a greater scale all of western American Samoa was left with no power. Lieutenant Governor Faoa Sunia of American Samoa reportedly said that water was limited in some areas due to damage to the water system (Samoa news staff 2009). In Niuatoputapu, home to just over 1000 people, 90% of homes had been ruined and the hospital was also badly damaged (Tahana 2009).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The long term consequences of the tsunami will be substantial. Not only will infrastructure have to be redeveloped but other factors are going to be problematic. The loss of homes means people have been forced to live outdoors. This has resulted in people becoming more at risk of dengue fever. The fever is spread by mosquitoes and so a lack of shelter means people are more likely to get bitten. American Samoas only hospital has confirmed that there has been an increase in patients suffering from dengue fever with 62 confirmed cases in October and the first two deaths from the disease in 2009 (Anon 2009). The risk of polluted water being drunk is also greatly enhanced by the poor living conditions. Leptospirosis, a disease spread by the contamination of water by the urine of rats and other species has also seen a rise in confirmed cases in American Samoa, according to the same report. The economic impact is going to be significant in the longer term. People from the rural areas of Samoa are dependent on agriculture, fisheries and eco-tourism (FAO 2009). Areas of vegetable cultivation were devastated and the tsunami swept away fishing boats and fishing gear. The destruction of holiday resorts around the coasts of the islands and that their owners are fearful of returning means many tourists are likely to look elsewhere (Coopes 2009). The environmental impacts of the tsunami were also extensive. The Samoa Tsunami Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Ifopo et al 2009) lists much of the damage caused and what damage was expected. It includes septic tank pollution, solid waste pollution and salinisation pollution which occurred in many areas. Salinisation pollution is going to be a significant impact to the agricultural industry as crops may fail to grow in soil with a high salt concentration. It also details that there was foreshore and beach erosion, damage to wetland areas and in particular mangroves. Damage to ecosystems extended beyond the coast with marine protected areas and no take zones heavily impacted. Coral reefs were also devastated. The Associated Press (2009) reported that some coral reefs had been â€Å"obliterated† whilst others may not be able to recover. Response to the Earthquake and Tsunami   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first tsunami alert was issued 16 minutes after the earthquake. This does appear to be relatively fast considering the data for the earthquake had to be received and analysed. However the first alert was green the lowest alert level due to the earthquake magnitude being underestimated. It wasnt until 20 minutes after the earthquake when the alert was upgraded to orange by which point the tsunami had already struck the Samoa islands. Many people didnt realise the earthquake could have generated a tsunami and thus few moved to higher ground (Driscoll 2009). It is therefore apparent that a faster and more accurate response to the earthquake was required so as to have saved at least some of the lives that were lost. As this could save lives in the future further investigations into methods on how to analyse earthquakes more quickly are worthwhile.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aid response for the victims of the tsunami was issued within 2 days. The US, New Zealand and Australia provided the initial help with them all sending in planes to provide aid and assess the overall damage, the US also sent in a ship from their naval fleet to assist (Atayman 2009; Australian Government Department of Defence 2009). The American Samoa Power Authority (ASPA) delivered water to those who were affected by water shortages (Samoa news staff 2009) and the Red Cross set up camps for those who had been left homeless (Mercer 2009). The New Zealand Air Force provided medical supplies, medical teams and temporary morgue facilities to assist the hospital in Apia, Samoa (Young 2009). By October 8th all of Samoa was reconnected to the electricity grid and the main water pipes had been fixed as detailed in the 7th United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (OCHA) situation report (2009b). The report informed that roads had been cleared in Samoa a nd Tonga and airports were functional. Financial aid was provided by governments and other organisations worldwide. Using information from OCHA situation reports 6 through to 9 and also 11 (2009a; 2009b; 2009c; 2009d; 2009e;) some of the funding provided can be listed as coming from; the European Union (over $2 million), the Japan International Cooperation Agency ($220 thousand), Australia ($874 thousand for Niuatoputapu), New Zealand (over $1.1 million), the European Commission ($150 thousand for Samoa) and the Asian Development Bank ($1 million). It is evident that the response to the tsunami was fast, well funded and efficient. Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When researching the initial response to the earthquake it was found that local people had previously been uninterested in the dangers of a tsunami (Driscoll 2009). This is likely to have been due to there being no living memory of the last significant tsunami which occurred in 1917 (Mataafa 2009). If they had knowledge of the consequences of a large earthquake occurring in the ocean they may have responded more quickly by moving to higher ground. In this case in order to have saved lives it would have been essential for the local people of Samoa, American Samoa and Tonga to react quickly as the tsunami alert came too late. By educating people on the affects of earthquakes and how they can generate earthquakes it may be possible to save lives in the future. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 29th September Samoa Tonga tsunami devastated the islands and many of the people living on them. It was caused by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake which occurred on the outer ridge of the Tonga Trench. The Tsunami killed at least 182 people and affected thousands more. Much of the islands infrastructures were destroyed and the tsunami also had a significant environmental impact especially upon coral reefs. Long term consequences have already been seen with an increase in cases of dengue fever and leptospirosis disease. Economically the impacts are also going to be long lasting. The destruction of livelihoods whether it is through fishing, agriculture or tourism will be widespread. It was found that the initial tsunami alert issued was the lowest level and wasnt upgraded until after the first tsunami waves hit. The response in the days following the tsunami however was quick effective and well funded. By educating people especially in areas where the risk of tsunami is high it is probable that lives will be saved in the future. References Adetunji, J. and Gabbatt, A. (2009) Samoa tsunami: 100 feared dead on Pacific islands. Guardian, [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/30/samoa-tsunami-pacific-earthquake [Accessed 5 November 2009]. Annunziato, A., Franchello, G., Ulutas, E. and De Groeve, T. (2009) 29 September 2009 Samoa Tsunami, (pp 70 of 2009). Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Anon (2009) Dengue Fever in American Samoa rises after Tsunami. New Zealand Herald. [internet] 9 November. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844objectid=10608167 [Accessed 12 November 2009). Associated Press (2009) Tsunami in Samoa takes toll on coral. New Zealand Herald. [internet] 2 November. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/marine/news/article.cfm?c_id=61objectid=10606655 [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Atayman, B. (2009) Tsunami deaths likely to rise in Pacific islands: Villages and vacation resorts destroyed. The Windsor Star. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.windsorstar.com/news/Over+killed+tsunamis+smash+Pacific+islands/2049879/story.html [Accessed 6 November 2009]. Australian Government Department of Defence (2009) ADF support to Samoa update. Defence Media Release. [internet] 1 October. Available at http://www.defence.gov.au/media/DepartmentalTpl.cfm?CurrentId=9535 [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Coopes, A. (2009) Tsunami-hit Samoa braces for tourism slump. news.com.au, [internet] 7 October. Available at http://www.news.com.au/story/0,27574,26178055-23109,00.html [Accessed 12 November 2009). Cousteau, F. (2006) Atlas of the Oceans. In Ocean: The Worlds Last Wilderness Revealed, pp 480 481. London, Dorling Kindersley Limited. Driscoll, J. (2009) Lessons from Samoa: Local researcher part of team sent to tsunami zone. Times Standard. [internet] 3 November. Available at http://www.times-standard.com/ci_13701412?source=most_viewed [Accessed 12 November 2009]. FAO (2009) Recent natural disasters in Asia and the Pacific: Samoa, Tonga, American Samoa, the Philippines, Indonesia and Vietnam. [online] (updated 2 October 2009) Available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/017/asia_emerg.pdf [Accessed 12 November]. Ifopo, P.E., Atherton, J., Miller-Taei, S., Anderson, P., Suaesi, T., Steffen, J., Paisley, S. And Sherley, G. (unpublished) Samoa Tsunami Rapid Environmental Impact Assessment Report. [internet] 14 October. Available at http://www.sprep.org/att/irc/ecopies/countries/samoa/171.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Mataafa, T. (2009) Tsunami scientist presents findings of Sept. 29 wave. Samoa News. [internet] 24 October. Available at http://www.samoanews.com/viewstory.php?storyid=10111 [Accessed 13 November 2009]. Mercer, P. (2009) Samoas tsunami death toll rises. BBC News, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8286635.stm [Accessed 5 November 2009]. Mclean, T. (2009) Searching ruins for reason to live after tsunami. The Daily Telegraph, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/searching-ruins-for-reason-to-live-after-the-tsunami/story-e6freuy9-1225781822624 [Accessed 9 November 2009]. NASA Earth Observatory (2009) Earthquake off Samoa Generates Tsunami. [online] (updated 13 October 2009) Available at http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=40532 [Accessed 2 November 2009). OCHA (2009a) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 6. [internet] 6 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/AZHU-7WL2CX-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009b) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 7. [internet] 8 October. Available at http://www.un.org.au/files/files/Samoa%20SitRep%20No%207%208%20Oct.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009c) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 8. [internet] 10 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/MYAI-7WQ2JM-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009d) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 9. [internet] 14 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/EDIS-7WTR39-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. OCHA (2009e) Samoa/Tonga Tsunami Situation Report No. 11. [internet] 22 October. Available at http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWFiles2009.nsf/FilesByRWDocUnidFilename/AZHU-7X42LF-full_report.pdf/$File/full_report.pdf [Accessed 12 November 2009]. Radio New Zealand (2009) Samoa disaster toll soars. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://www.rnzi.com/pages/news.php?op=readid=49414 [Accessed 9 November 2009). Samoa news staff (2009) 8.0 quake hits Samoa islands. Samoa News [internet] 29 September. Available at http://www.samoanews.com/viewstory.php?storyid=9550edition=1254218400 [Accessed 6 November 2009]. Tahana, Y. (2009) Teams Reach Tonga Victims. New Zealand Herald, [internet] 2 October. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/samoa-tsunami/news/article.cfm?c_id=1502844objectid=10600831 [Accessed 6 November 2009]. TVNZ (2009) Over 100 feared dead in Samoa tsunami. [internet] 30 September. Available at http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/tsunami-sirens-wail-again-in-samoa-3041553/video [Accessed 9 November 2009]. USGS (2009a) Magnitude 8.0 SAMOA ISLANDS REGION. [online] (updated 28 October 2009) Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2009/us2009mdbi/ [Accessed 2 November 2009). USGS (2009b) The Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. [online] (updated 27 October 2009) Available at http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php [Accessed 2 November 2009). Young, A. (2009) NZ aid arrives in Samoa. New Zealand Herald [internet] 1 October. Available at http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1objectid=10600651 [Accessed 12 November].

The American Dream: Life, Liberty and Freedom Essays -- Essays on the A

The basic idea of the American Dream generally has stayed the same throughout time, although the majority of Americans seem to take the Dream for granted. The first settlers arrived to the New World in search of a treasure: life, liberty, and freedom. This treasure was and still is the American Dream. Now people from all over the world come to America in search of the same Dream; some even die trying. People were not as materialistic as people are now; they just wanted happiness. As time passed, people became more materialistic and began to take for granted what they were born with. For example, when my papa was a teenager he purchased his first car with cash. Everyone paid for almost everything they got with cash, not credit like they do today. Almost everything today revolves around having credit. Most of the richest people in our state could not go to the bank and withdraw a couple hundred thousand dollars; they would have to borrow the money based on their credit. Although, there are many people that are very misfortunate and have hardly anything, their idea of the American Dream would be much simpler than that of someone who is middle or upper class. Almost a week ago my boyfriend and I were leaving Crabtree Valley mall. It was a pretty cold and rainy day, the kind of day that we would rather be at home cuddled up on the couch watching television, but we were shopping. As we were leaving the mall we came to a stoplight. Out of the corner of my eye I saw a tiny old woman kneeling by the corner of the curve. She was holding a ragged cardboard sign that read â€Å"homeless, need food†. A doleful feeling took over my body, and I thought to myself, what would her idea of the American Dream be? Would it be to own her own home or have a fancy car, I think not. By this time, her dream would be a bit simpler. The American Dream changes from generation to generation along with technology and obstacles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With each generation that passes a whole new era arrives; one with higher demands and stresses of everyday life. The American Dream becomes more distorted and complex through time. The more we get, the more we want. What ever happened to being content and happy with what one has as long as they are healthy and safe? With each passing year people are becoming more materialistic and less grateful. My dad never had a hamburger when he wa... ...t encounter at one point or another in our life times in order to achieve our endeavors. Further, the economy is another major obstacle that we each must face. As individuals we can not control the fluctuations of the economy nor can we control the effect it has on our lives and our dreams. But we can rationalize our ideas of what the true American Dream is and be thankful for what we have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September 11, 2001, those who do not know what it is to live a life full of life, liberty, and freedom; threatened the American Dream. By realizing this tragedy we appreciate what a fortunate nation we live in. Until the eleventh of September, no one really thought much about what it is to be American until news stories were flashing were shown in array about the freedom other countries such as the one that threatened our American Dream did not have. We really need to put the American Dream into perspective. The question comes to mind â€Å"What would the American Dream be if we did not have life, liberty and freedom?† There would be no such idea as â€Å"the American Dream†. We would be identical to almost any third world country world that does not have these rights. The American Dream: Life, Liberty and Freedom Essays -- Essays on the A The basic idea of the American Dream generally has stayed the same throughout time, although the majority of Americans seem to take the Dream for granted. The first settlers arrived to the New World in search of a treasure: life, liberty, and freedom. This treasure was and still is the American Dream. Now people from all over the world come to America in search of the same Dream; some even die trying. People were not as materialistic as people are now; they just wanted happiness. As time passed, people became more materialistic and began to take for granted what they were born with. For example, when my papa was a teenager he purchased his first car with cash. Everyone paid for almost everything they got with cash, not credit like they do today. Almost everything today revolves around having credit. Most of the richest people in our state could not go to the bank and withdraw a couple hundred thousand dollars; they would have to borrow the money based on their credit. Although, there are many people that are very misfortunate and have hardly anything, their idea of the American Dream would be much simpler than that of someone who is middle or upper class. Almost a week ago my boyfriend and I were leaving Crabtree Valley mall. It was a pretty cold and rainy day, the kind of day that we would rather be at home cuddled up on the couch watching television, but we were shopping. As we were leaving the mall we came to a stoplight. Out of the corner of my eye I saw a tiny old woman kneeling by the corner of the curve. She was holding a ragged cardboard sign that read â€Å"homeless, need food†. A doleful feeling took over my body, and I thought to myself, what would her idea of the American Dream be? Would it be to own her own home or have a fancy car, I think not. By this time, her dream would be a bit simpler. The American Dream changes from generation to generation along with technology and obstacles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With each generation that passes a whole new era arrives; one with higher demands and stresses of everyday life. The American Dream becomes more distorted and complex through time. The more we get, the more we want. What ever happened to being content and happy with what one has as long as they are healthy and safe? With each passing year people are becoming more materialistic and less grateful. My dad never had a hamburger when he wa... ...t encounter at one point or another in our life times in order to achieve our endeavors. Further, the economy is another major obstacle that we each must face. As individuals we can not control the fluctuations of the economy nor can we control the effect it has on our lives and our dreams. But we can rationalize our ideas of what the true American Dream is and be thankful for what we have.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On September 11, 2001, those who do not know what it is to live a life full of life, liberty, and freedom; threatened the American Dream. By realizing this tragedy we appreciate what a fortunate nation we live in. Until the eleventh of September, no one really thought much about what it is to be American until news stories were flashing were shown in array about the freedom other countries such as the one that threatened our American Dream did not have. We really need to put the American Dream into perspective. The question comes to mind â€Å"What would the American Dream be if we did not have life, liberty and freedom?† There would be no such idea as â€Å"the American Dream†. We would be identical to almost any third world country world that does not have these rights.

Comparative analysis of the rise of religious extremism in Arab and Ind

Comparative analysis of the rise of religious extremism in Arab and Indian Politics The cases being discussed by the authors here are more significant than the discussion of any other Muslim or Hindu nation because of the fact that these cases discuss the role of these religions in their respective birthplaces. We can realize the importance of this point by considering, for example that the Islamic countries worldwide look towards the Arabic ulemas for validation of their Islamic policies and also each fatwa issued by the Arab ulemas is almost always followed by a similar action by their counterparts in other countries. Similarly, though Hinduism doesn’t have a transnational appeal like Islam, Hindus all over the world still regard India as the ‘holy land’. Thus the followers of both these religions tend to look towards these nations in the hour of crisis of faith. Interestingly, many of the causes for the rise of extremist Islam in Arabic politics and Hinduism in Indian politics appear to be similar. The states’ unwillingness to recognize the role of religion in the society, the growing influence of secularists which led to the displacement of the traditionalists form their positions of power, and the ability on the part of religious groups to create a successful network of social, educational, religious and charitable organizations across the nation are some of these causes. In fact, the last of these similarities is strikingly apparent in context of the rise of Society of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in India. However, there are some significant differences, as well, due to the inherently different nature of the society and culture in different countries. One of the major reasons for th... ...arate legal code for their community, was often perceived as ‘sticking together’. The Islamic precept of considering religion as superior to nationalism (Wataniyyah) and the oft repeated attitude of some Indian Muslims of not bowing before the national flag give rise to a bitterness between the two communities. In fact, such Koranic notions as dividing the world in two regions- Dar es Salaam (the house of peace, where Islam prevails) and Dar el Harb (the house of war, where Islam does not exist) - and proclaiming that there will be lasting peace on earth only when the whole world comes under Islam, are often behind the worldwide anti-Islamic view that we are witnessing in today’s world. Such circumstances, along with the promise to rebuild the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, were fully exploited by the BJP to gain a significant political support and surge to power. Comparative analysis of the rise of religious extremism in Arab and Ind Comparative analysis of the rise of religious extremism in Arab and Indian Politics The cases being discussed by the authors here are more significant than the discussion of any other Muslim or Hindu nation because of the fact that these cases discuss the role of these religions in their respective birthplaces. We can realize the importance of this point by considering, for example that the Islamic countries worldwide look towards the Arabic ulemas for validation of their Islamic policies and also each fatwa issued by the Arab ulemas is almost always followed by a similar action by their counterparts in other countries. Similarly, though Hinduism doesn’t have a transnational appeal like Islam, Hindus all over the world still regard India as the ‘holy land’. Thus the followers of both these religions tend to look towards these nations in the hour of crisis of faith. Interestingly, many of the causes for the rise of extremist Islam in Arabic politics and Hinduism in Indian politics appear to be similar. The states’ unwillingness to recognize the role of religion in the society, the growing influence of secularists which led to the displacement of the traditionalists form their positions of power, and the ability on the part of religious groups to create a successful network of social, educational, religious and charitable organizations across the nation are some of these causes. In fact, the last of these similarities is strikingly apparent in context of the rise of Society of Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in India. However, there are some significant differences, as well, due to the inherently different nature of the society and culture in different countries. One of the major reasons for th... ...arate legal code for their community, was often perceived as ‘sticking together’. The Islamic precept of considering religion as superior to nationalism (Wataniyyah) and the oft repeated attitude of some Indian Muslims of not bowing before the national flag give rise to a bitterness between the two communities. In fact, such Koranic notions as dividing the world in two regions- Dar es Salaam (the house of peace, where Islam prevails) and Dar el Harb (the house of war, where Islam does not exist) - and proclaiming that there will be lasting peace on earth only when the whole world comes under Islam, are often behind the worldwide anti-Islamic view that we are witnessing in today’s world. Such circumstances, along with the promise to rebuild the Ram Janmabhoomi temple in Ayodhya, were fully exploited by the BJP to gain a significant political support and surge to power.

Russells Treatment of Self-Discovery in Educating Rita :: English Literature

Russell's Treatment of Self-Discovery in Educating Rita (A) "RITA: See, I don't want a baby yet. See, I wanna discover meself first. Do you understand that?" Write about Russell's treatment of self-discovery and of its importance in the lives of the play's characters. The idea of self-discovery is a theme that runs throughout Educating Rita, demonstrating how it can be a personal mission as well as an accidental achievement in life. Both Frank and Rita, as well as the other, more minor characters, embark on this journey as Rita begins her Open University course. When Rita begins her the English Literature course, she is raring to go and wants to know "everything". She also puts in words, her personal desire for self-discovery. "I wanna discover meself." Rita knew from the beginning that she was on a mission and knew where she was going. Frank on the other hand, is quite content with his way of life and finds the idea of a "silly woman's attempts to get into the mind of Henry James" highly amusing although it does interrupt the monotony of his potentially extremely boring and predictive lifestyle. Russell demonstrates the idea of "self-discovery" through Rita by showing the way in which Rita has progressed during the play. At the beginning, Rita is the innocent student who wants "choices". She feels that she will be able to escape from the vicious circle that exists in working class society. The first signs of Rita's discovery are shown through her actions. Her first entrance is a forced entry into the office of Frank, whilst on her second visit she oils the door to make it easier for her to enter. Eventually, Russell no longer shows her entrance into the office but has her already there when the scene begins. Frank, shows less signs of self-discovery although he does in fact discover rather a lot about himself because of Rita. Frank has a drinking habit that he acknowledges but he does hide the signs of it and when Rita thinks she's "reformed" him he finds it highly amusing. Although Frank does not in fact cease drinking, he does get worse and it is the ultimate reason for his "sabbatical" to Australia. On the other hand, Frank's relationship with his former student Julia disintegrates as his fondness for Rita grows. Russell does this to show how the life of the teacher who is apparently stuck in a rut is also changing. The areas that Rita studies show how she has progressed. When she begins to form her own ideas which would hold their own in an examination, Frank doesn't appreciate it, he thinks that the progress

The Role of Input and Interaction in Sla

The role of input and interaction in SLA Terminology input –any language directed at the learner intake –the portion of input that learners notice and therefore take into temporary memory. Intake may subsequently be accommodated in the learner’s interlanguage system (become part of long-term memory). However, not all intake is so accommodated. output –what the learner produces (spoken & written language) and how much he understands from the input input > intake > output views on the role of input: ? behaviourist There is a direct relationship between input and output. Acquisition is believed to be controlled by external factors, and the learner is viewed as a passive medium. They ignore the internal processing that takes place in learner’s mind. Input consists of: ? stimuli – with stimuli, the person speaking to the learner  models specific linguistic forms  which the learner internalizes by  imitating  them   ? feedback – it takes the form of positive reinforcement or correction. The possibility of shaping L2 acquisition by manipulating input to provide appropriate stimuli and adequate feedback mentalist They emphasize the importance of the learner’s ‘black box’. Input is still seen as essential for L2 acquisition, but it is only a ‘trigger’ that starts internal language processing. Learners have innate knowledge of the possible forms that any single language can take and use the information supplied by the input to arrive at the forms that apply in the case of the L2 they are trying to learn. Input is insufficient to enable learners to arrive at the rules of the target language. ? interactionist ognitive interactionist Acquisition is a product of the interaction of the linguistic environment and the learners’ internal mechanisms, with neither viewed as primary. Input has a determining function in language acquisition, but only within constraints imposed by the learner’s internal mechanisms. social interactionist Verbal interaction is crucial for language learning as it helps to make the ‘facts’ of the L2 salient to the learner. comprehensible input (Krashen 1981) – Input is a major causative factor in L2 acquisition Learners progress along the natural order by understanding input that contains structures a little bit beyond their current level of competence (i+1) – Comprehensible input is necessary to acquisition to take place, but it is not sufficient – learners need encouragement to ‘let in’ the in put they comprehend – Input becomes comprehensible as a result of simplification and with the help of contextual and extralinguistic clues – Fine-tuning (= provision of the linguistic features which the learners is ready to acquire next and using them, opposite: rough-tuning) is not necessary – Speaking is the result of acquisition, not its cause, learner production does not contribute directly to acquisition input and intake. Input refers to what is available to the learner, whereas intake refers to what is actually internalized (or, in Corder’s terms, â€Å"taken in†) by the learner. Anyone who has been in a situation of learning a second/foreign language is familiar with the situation in which the language one hears is totally incomprehensible, to the extent that it may not even be possible to separate the stream of speech into words. Whereas this is input, because it is available to the learner, it is not intake, because it â€Å"goes in one ear and out the other†; it is not integrated into the current learner-language system. This sort of input appears to serve no greater purpose for the learner than does that language that is never heard. Conceptually, one can think of the input as that language (in both spoken and written forms) to which the learner is exposed If there is a natural order of acquisition, how is it that learners move from one point to another? The Input Hypothesis provides the answer. Second languages are acquired â€Å"by understanding messages, or by receiving ‘comprehensible input’ † (Krashen, 1985, p. 2). Krashen defined â€Å"comprehensible input† in a particular way. Essentially, comprehensible input is that bit of language that is heard/read and that is slightly ahead of a learner’s current state of grammatical knowledge. Language containing structures a learner already knows essentially serves no purpose in acquisition. Similarly, language containing structures way ahead of a learner’s current knowledge is not useful. A learner does not have the ability to â€Å"do† anything with those structures. Krashen defined a learner’s current state of knowledge as i and the next stage as i + 1. Thus the input a learner is exposed to must be at the i + 1 level in order for it to be of use in terms of acquisition. â€Å"We move from i, our current level to i + 1, the next level along the natural order, by understanding input containing i + 1† In Krashen’s view, the Input Hypothesis is central to all of acquisition and also has implications for the classroom. a Speaking is a result of acquisition and not its cause. Speech cannot be taught directly but â€Å"emerges† on its own as a result of building competence via comprehensible input. b If input is understood, and there is enough of it, the necessary grammar is automatically provided. The language teacher need not attempt deliberately to teach the next structure along the natural order—it will be provided in just the right quantities and automatically reviewed if the student receives a sufficient amount of comprehensible input. there are numerous difficulties with the concept. First, the hypothesis itself is not specific as to how to define levels of knowledge. Thus, if we are to validate this hypothesis, we must know how to define a particular level (say, level 1904) so that we can know whether the input contains linguistic level 1905 and, if so, whether the learner, as a result, moves to level 1905. Krashen only stated that â€Å"We acquire by understanding language that contains structure a bit beyond our current level of competence (i + 1). This is done with the help of context or extralinguistic information† (1982, p. 21). Second is the issue of quantity. Krashen states that there has to be sufficient quantity of the appropriate input. But what is sufficient quantity? How do we know whether the quantity is sufficient or not? One token, two tokens, 777 tokens? And, perhaps the quantity necessary for change depends on developmental level, or how ready the learner is to acquire a new form. Third, how does extralinguistic information aid in actual acquisition, or internalization of a linguistic rule, if by â€Å"understanding† Krashen meant understanding at the level of meaning (see below and chapter 14 for a different interpretation of understanding)? We may be able to understand something that is beyond our grammatical knowledge, but how does that translate into grammatical acquisition?

Organisation and Behaviour

Organisations and Behaviour 1. 1 Compare and contrast different organisational structures and culture Let us analyse two different kind of organisations: a restaurant and a fast food. Thanks to my work experiences in London I am able to compare both of them. In the restaurant there was everything except that a good relationship among the employees and between these and the managers. Everybody was hired through a short interview, without having an induction or a proper training or a briefly introduction of the organisation.It was like everybody was left at their own destiny, so if you had a good skills, determination and you agreed with the treatment that you would have received, you could have gone on and grow in your own, otherwise nobody would have helped you and said how to do things or were to find other things, for example. All these factors did not help to create a real friendship among the employees, and of course, had a huge impact on the motivations of the people, so that wa s almost impossible to see a work as a team.Instead, in the fast food everything was different. Before to get the job, you have to pass several interviews and attend an induction. Since the beginning you will been told about the company, how it works and the progress that you could do. The first day you start your job on the field, you will have a briefly walk-throw with the manager, outside and inside the shop in order to see and to know where emergency exit and other useful things are situated. Then you will meet all the team, and the trainer, which will follow and help you in every pass.This spirit that you can find will help you feeling part of a team in a very short time and also will motivate you to do your best to succeed with the company. At the end, it is clear how the choice of the restaurant to behave in that way with their employees had had a negative affect into the team, bringing dissatisfaction and laziness, so much so that some employees had left the place. Whereas, in the fast food, the work of the manager and of the employees as well, had helped a lot to create a good atmosphere and a good relationship between each other,so that everybody could be motived and focus on the business. . 2 Explain how the relationship between an organisation's structure and culture can impact on the performance of the business A different organisation structure and culture may have relevant influence on the performance of the business. Comparing the 2 work experience that I had, it is clear how the organisation has had an impact on the trend of the business. In the fast food the manager managed to create a real and proper team which met the spirit of structure: a correct division of work between employees and the formal organisational relationship that are created between them.There were the principles of an organisation culture, there was respect between each other, respect for different culture and everybody was behaving in a proper way and always ready to help the others. All these aspects create a perfect harmony inside the team, so that everybody was focus on achieving all the goals and inevitably, it had a strong and good effect on the business performance. In the restaurant instead, nobody knew what â€Å"work as a team† means.The managers did not care about creating a successful team and also among the employees there was not the desire to reach it, so that who needed more help could not develop their skills and could not feel part of the company. Altogether these aspects brought all the motivations of everyone down, so that no one cared about the growth of the company or achieving personal goal, bringing for sure negative influence on the business. 1 1. 3 Discuss the factors which influence individual behaviour at work There are a lot of causes which condition the behaviour of a singular person in a workplace.Factors such as personality, attitude, culture, demographic factors, may influences a lot the people. Let us now exam ine these factors. Personality-can be seen as one of the most complex aspect of humans beings that influences heavily their behaviour. It is known that character determine the way in which a person behave and response to situations and people. Personality can also be influenced by heredity, family and society. Attitude- can establish the tendency to respond positively or negatively to certain objects, situations or persons.Factors such as family, culture, society and colleagues influence the attitude. The managers in an organisation should know about the possibility aspects of different kind of jobs, in order to help employees to create a positive attitude among them, so that they will be able to work as a team. Culture- differences among cultures are what distinguish one society from another. The capacities, the knowledges, the experiences and the talent of employees are related to the type of culture for which everyone comes from.It is clear that the culture influence the abilitie s of singular, so that someone who comes from a specific kind of custom can have an easier or more positive impact and also being more suitable for determinate kind of jobs, than someone else who has a different type of culture. Demographic factors- such as background, education, nationality, race, also have an impact on the individual. For example a manager of an organisational will be more talented and confident in hiring persons that belong to good socio-economic background, well educated and with a young age, as they are believed to be performing better than the others.Also people who are dynamic and with good communication skills have always more chances than the others to be hired. 2. 1 Compare the effectiveness of different leadership styles in different organisations There are a lot of different leadership types, among them we can find the three major styles: Autocratic, Democratic and Delegative. Autocratic- in this style the leader has total authority and command over deci sion making. The leaders tell their employees what must be done and how they want it completed, without getting any advice.It is a kind of style typically used when the manager needs to have under control the situation to avoid possible mistakes. It is clear the goal of this leadership: use your knowledge to get the job done, making sure that important things are done correctly and in a short time. 2 Democratic- all the team together can decide what to do and how to do it, even if the manager maintains the final decision. It is commonly used when the leader has part of information, employees have other part, so that they are able to work as a team and know how to manage things.All these factors help a lot to generate a good relationship among the employees and also to create a good atmosphere in which everybody has trust and respect of each other. I can identify all these aspects in my experience at the fast food â€Å"EAT. †, where everybody from the manager to my last colle ague has treated me as if I were there since years, helping and giving me advices since the first day. Furthermore, this experience gave me the possibility to develop my abilities and to know how to work as a team; characteristics that I will bring always with me and that will be useful in the future.Delegative- in this styles the employees can make the decision. Even if the manager is still responsible for the decision that are made. It is especially used when the employees can manage the things and are able to understand what needs to be done and how to do it. Can also be used when leader has fully trust and familiarity in the team. 2. 2 Explain how organisational theory underpins the practice of management Taking as example the fast food, it is possible to see how the organisation helps the practice of management by motivating individuals and by getting the best from each one.Starting from the induction, where they showed a graphic with all the progress that you could have made u ntil arrive to became a manager within a year, continuing into the shop, it is understandable how they motivated people. As said in the answer above, the manager was using a democratic style, always ready to hear the employees, to allow them to do things in a different way and to help them if it was necessary. Compare with the other types it is possible to say that the manager was even a bit autocratic, sometimes, by giving the input on how that kind of thing had to be done and how much time needed to be done.Also during the busiest time it was necessary being autocratic to not made many mistakes. Instead, comparing with the delegative style, there was not the possibility for some employees to make the decisions, because they were new, without lot of experiences, so that the manager could not have trusted them. 2. 3 Evaluate the different approaches to management used by different organisation There are different approaches that can be taken by different organisations. As I have bee n saying, in the fast food there was an approach which was focus on motivating people and making them feeling part of the company.Obviously these approaches have contributed to get the best from each employee and also have helped them to work hard, with more passion in order to achieve the goals of the organisation and eventually own objectives. All these methods also have contributed to affect people in a positive way, giving them the instruments to grow up and to develop personal skills. Analysing the restaurant instead, it was easily to see in which way they were treating people. It was adopted an autocratic style, where the leaders were giving orders without giving any advices and expecting things to be done in a shorter time than expected.These aspects have contributed not less to affect people in a negative way, deprive of them the enthusiasm to work and the voluntary to achieve something together with the company. This kind of style also have had an huge impact on the motivat ions of the employees and did not help at all to create a real team. 3 Discuss the impact that different leadership styles may have on motivation in organisations in period of change It is possible to have different impacts among the organisations in period of change, especially regarding new motivation and different methods on how to explain things.For example in the autocratic style, the leaders may change some rules or may take other positions regarding specific things. It can facilitate or complicate the â€Å"life† of the employees, but the leaders will always have the total control about decision making and the authority to make some transformations or improvements which can change one more time the assets into the employees team. In one hand the changes can of course bring new motivations and new aspirations, but in the other one they can bring dissatisfaction so that the motivations will go down.The democratic type instead, is the more suitable for changes, because th e team will decide about that all together with the agreement of the manager, so that everybody can give their own opinion in order to make the bests changes for the company and for the team itself. Thanks to that, all the group can have more motivations or can recover them on the eventuality they had lost them; so that the team can gain more confidence in itself and can aspire to reach new goals. Also the delegative one, can be considered as good as the democratic one in motivations changes.Because the decision of make a change will be taken and will be decided by the team altogether, they will be able to modify the aspect of things where necessary so that they can change the way on how to do or explain them among each other, so that they will have new motivation and new incentives in make the job done. Compare the application of different motivational theories within a workplace There can be different motivational theories within a workplace, such as training people and multitaski ng. Training people: it works everything around the way the trainers teach you.For example, if they start since the beginning to teach in a determinate way, by showing how to do things in one of the easiest way, smiling and enjoying it at the same time, you will have a positive impression. This positive impression, will give you a different motivation on how to approach things and also will make you feel stronger and having more energies to do that specific thing. Training is the first step that each individual face once they get in a new place. This is why it has an important value and it is fundamental for people tendency.If the trainers will â€Å"fail† the training, the employees will be less motivated and will have a bad tendency at work; whereas if they will training positively, the employees, for sure will have more motivations and they will start the path into the new company with a positive tendency and with more vitality. Multitasking: it is also considered a way to motivate people. An employee which is considered multitasking, has the trust of the manager and also the essential confidence to interact with him/her.Once the leaders will give the employees more things to do at the same time, they will feel really part of the group and they will spend all their own energies to try to make things done properly in a easiest and shortest way, in order to reach their goals. They will be really motivated because they know that if they do not do the right thing, they may lose the trust of the manager or they may disappoint them. 4 3. 3 Evaluate the usefulness of a motivation theory for managers The motivation theory are really important for the manager because it can help to set up a team.It is very useful for a leader to start with the right step in every circumstance during the process of integration of each individual into the company. It can be thought that the work of a manager is an â€Å"easy job† because gives only instructions and will check once the things are done. Instead it is more important than a job as a trainer or as a simple employee, because they must have the capability to â€Å"build† a team and with it to reach the objectives which are given from person in a higher position than them.If the leader will fail in it, there is the possibility that can be fired, or even worse, that the company can fail without reach the expect goals. Thanks to that the motivations assume a relevant position into a workplace, so that the managers will do all that is into their capability to help the employees and to make their life easier, by giving examples, playing games and teach them by using their experiences. It is with the help of the manager and with the volition of a singular employee that the right motivations can come up so that the job can be finished and the employees can develop and reach the targets of the organisation all ogether as a team. Explain the nature of groups and group behaviour within organ isations The groups are planned by purpose and created by management as part of the formal organisation structure. There are three different kind of groups: formal groups, virtuoso team and informal groups. Formal groups- are formed as a consequence of the ideal of organisation and arrangement for the division of the work. They are created to achieve particular goals and are concerned with the co-ordination of work activities. Individual are brought together on the basis of established roles within the structure of the organisation.Their goals are pointed out by management, and relationships, rules and norms of behaviour established. Formal work groups can be differentiated in a number of ways: the task to be performed, the basis of membership, the nature of technology and position within the organisation structure. Also, they tend to be relatively permanent. Virtuoso team- are formed only for big change in organisations. They are composed of individual virtuosos or superstars with a single clear, ambitious mandate and are not supposed to remain together for different projects. They are rarely created by the organisations.Informal groups- are concentrated more on personal relationship and agreement of group members than on defined role relationship. They serve especially to work and satisfy psychological and social needs, not necessarily related to the tasks to get done. An informal group can be the same or take only a part of the formal group. The informal leader may be chosen as the the individual who is more adapted, who helps to resolve conflict, reflects the attitudes and values of the member, leads the group in satisfying its objects or cooperate with the management or other people outside the group.In rarely case, it is possible for the informal leader to be the same person as the formal leader. Main reason for informal groups: 5 -The perpetuation of the culture; -The communication system; -The implementation of social control and -The provision of inte rest and fun in work life. 4. 2 Discuss factors that may promote or inhibit the development of effective teamwork in organisations There are several factors which can affect the development of a teamwork in organisations. Factors such as the behaviour, the communications, the group size and the compatibility of members are the most important.Behaviour-it is extremely important for the approach in every organisations. An individual with the right behaviour will integrate itself easily inside the group, will learn and will develop skills as well as grow together with the team. Whereas an individual with an incorrect behaviour will affect negatively the team, bringing inevitably discontent inside the group and eventually frictions which will influence all the work into the team. Communications-are also important and contribute to the success of the group.Communications can be affected by the nature of the task, by the work environment and by technology. For example, difficulties in com munication can arise with production system where workers have to stay in a determinate place with limited freedom of movement. Even when there are the opportunities to interact with colleagues, physical condition may limit the communications. Size of the group-there can be problems with communications and co-ordination as the members increase in size. A large group is more difficult to handle and require an high level of supervision.Then when a group becomes too large it may split into smaller units and friction may develop between the sub-groups so that the cohesiveness inevitably becomes more difficult to achieve. Comparing with a small group(less than 5 members) for example, the bigger one will have an higher amount of creativity and variety that can be produced. Compatibility of members-the more the group will share knowledges, backgrounds, interests, attitudes and experiences, the easier it is to achieve cohesiveness. Different personalities or skills of members, may serve to complement each other and help for a cohesive group.However, such differences may be the cause of conflicts and frictions. Conflict can also arise in a homogeneous group where individuals are in competition with each other(ex. Incentive payment schemes). 6 4. 3 Evaluate the impact of technology on team functioning within a given organisation Nowadays the technology is present in every organisations and gives a huge help in making things done faster and in an easier way. It has also an important effect on cohesiveness and relate closely to the nature of the task, physical setting and communications.Evaluating the technologies in the fast food,it is possible to say that they helped a lot, especially during the busiest time. They contributed to make things easier, helping the cohesiveness and the interaction, even when there were problems of understanding between the group. In one hand, have a skill-based technology can increase the percentage of group cohesiveness, in the other one wi th machine-placed assembly line work it is more difficult to develop wholeness. Bibliography: Business study guide; www. studymode. com 7